Some of the differences in concept allocation are suggestive of real culture differences; for example: future is good-strong-active (Osgood’s 3-factors) for all countries (U.S.A., Japan, India, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Lebanon, Sweden, Hong Kong, Iran, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia, Poland) except Finnish, where it is good, but weak and passive.

Osgood (1964)

Some of the differences in concept allocation are suggestive of real culture differences; for example: progress is good-strong-active (Osgood’s 3-factors) for all countries (U.S.A., Japan, India, Netherlands, Belgium, France, Lebanon, Sweden, Hong Kong, Iran, Afghanistan, Yugoslavia, Poland) except Finnish, where it is passive.

Osgood (1964)

Jung et al (2018)

Some of the differences in concept allocation are suggestive of real culture differences; for example: work is good-strong-active (Osgood’s 3-factors) for all countries (U.S.A., Japan, India, Netherlands, France, Lebanon, Sweden, Hong Kong, Iran, Afghanistan, Finland, Yugoslavia, Poland) except Flemish, where it is bad, strong and passive.

Osgood (1964)